nature of HUMINT

nature of HUMINT Please read Chapter 1 of the manual on the nature of HUMINT.  when you done;identify: A) the core components of Human Intelligence B) the process by which intelligence is gathered C) the range of roles played by Army intelligence personnel D) the attributes thought necessary for working in HUMINT E) the limitations associated with HUMINT 1-1 PART ONE HUMINT Support, Planning, and Management HUMINT collection activities include three general categories: screening, interrogation, and debriefing. In some cases these may be distinguished by legal distinctions between source categories such as between interrogation and debriefing. In others, the distinction is in the purpose of the questioning. Regardless of the type of activity, or goal of the collection effort, HUMINT collection operations must be characterized by effective support, planning, and management. _________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 1 Introduction INTELLIGENCE BATTLEFIELD OPERATING SYSTEM 1-1. The Intelligence battlefield operating system (BOS) is one of seven operating systems ? Intelligence, maneuver, fire support, air defense, mobility/countermobility/survivability, combat service support (CSS), and command and control ? that enable commanders to build, employ, direct, and sustain combat power. The Intelligence BO S is a flexible force of Intelligence personnel, organizations, and equipment. Individually and collectively, these assets generate knowledge of and products portraying the enemy and the environmental features required by a command planning, preparing, executing, and assessing operations. I nherent within the Intelligence BOS is the capability to plan, direct, and synchronize intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) operations; collect and process information; produce relevant intelligence; and disseminate in telligence and critical information in an understandable and presentable form to those who need it, when they need it. As one of the seven disciplin es of the Intelligence BOS, HUMINT provides a capability to the supported commander in achieving information superiority on the battlefield. INTELLIGENCE PROCESS 1-2. Intelligence operations consist of the functions that constitute the intelligence process: plan, prepare, collect, process, produce , and the common tasks of analyze, disseminate, and assess that occur throughout the intelligence process. Just as the activities of the operations process overlap and recur as circumstances demand, so do the functions of the intelligence process.  Additionally, th e analyze, disseminate, and assess tasks FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________ 1-2                                                                                                                                            6 September 2006 of the intelligence process occur cont inuously throughout the intelligence process. (See Figure 1-1.) • Plan . This step of the intelligence proc ess consists of activities that include assessing the situation, envisioning a desired outcome (also known as setting the vision), identifying pertinent information and intelligence requirements, developing a strategy for ISR operations to satisfy those requirements, direct ing intelligence operations, and synchronizing the ISR effort. The commander’s intent, planning guidance, and commander’s critical information requirements (CCIRs) (priority information requirements [PIRs] and friendly force information requirements [FFIRs]) dr ive the planning of intelligence operations. Commanders must involve their supporting staff judge advocate (SJA) when planning in telligence operations (especially HUMINT operations). Planning, managing, and coordinating these operations are continuous activities necessary to obtain information and produce intelligence essential to decisionmaking. • Prepare . This step includes those staff and leader activities that take place upon receiving the operations plan (OPLAN), operations order (OPORD), warning order (WARNO), or commander’s intent to improve the unit’s ability to execute tasks or missions and survive on the battlefield. • Collect. Recent ISR doctrine necessita tes that the entire staff, especially the G3/S3 and G2/S2, must change their reconnaissance and surveillance (R&S) mindset to conducting ISR. The staff must carefully focus ISR on the CCIR but also enable the quick re-tasking of units and assets as the situation changes. This doctrinal requirement ensures that the enemy situation, not just our OPLAN, “drives” ISR operations. Well-developed procedures and carefully planned flexibility to support emerging targets, changing requirements, and the need to support combat assessment are critical. The G3/S3 and G2/S2 play a critical role in this challenging task that is sometimes referred to as “fighting ISR” because it is so staff intensive during planning and execution (it is an operation within the operation). Elements of all units on the battlefield obtain information and data about enemy forces, activities, facilities, and resources as well as information concerning the environmental and geographical characteristics of a particular area. • Process. This step converts relevant information into a form suitable for analysis, production, or i mmediate use by the commander. Processing also includes sorting through large amounts of collected information and intelligence (multidiscipline reports from the unit’s ISR assets, lateral and higher echelon units and organizations, and non-MI elements in the battlespace). Processing identifies and exploits that information which is pertinent to the commander’s intelligence requirements and facilitates situational understanding. Examples of processing include developing film, enhancing imagery, translating a document from a foreign language, co nverting electronic data into a standardized report that can be analyzed by a system operator, and _________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 6 September 2006                                                                                                                                             1-3 correlating dissimilar or jumbled information by assembling like elements before the informatio n is forwarded for analysis. • Produce. In this step, the G2/S2 integrates evaluated, analyzed, and interpreted information from single or multiple sources and disciplines into finished intelligence products . Like collection operations, the G2/S2 must ensure the unit’s information processing and intelligence production are prioritized and sync hronized to support answering the collection requirements. Figure 1-1. Intelligence Process. 1-3. For more information on the Inte lligence process, see FM 2-0. Commander’s Intent ANALYZE, DISSEMINATE, and ASSESS are continuous functions ASSESS is a continuous function Intelligence Process Operations Process The Intelligence Process provides continuous intelligence i nput essential to the Operations Process The Operations Process provides guidance and focus which drives the Intelligence Process PROCESS COLLECT PREPARE PRODUCE PREPARE PLAN EXECUTE PLAN COMMANDER Relevant Information (which includes Intelligence) Facilitates Situational Understanding Commander’s Intent Commander’s Intent ANALYZE, DISSEMINATE, and ASSESS are continuous functions ASSESS is a continuous function Intelligence Process Operations Process The Intelligence Process provides continuous intelligence i nput essential to the Operations Process The Operations Process provides guidance and focus which drives the Intelligence Process PROCESS COLLECT PREPARE PRODUCE PREPARE PLAN EXECUTE PLAN COMMANDER COMMANDER Relevant Information (which includes Intelligence) Facilitates Situational Understanding Relevant Information (which includes Intelligence) Relevant Information (which includes Intelligence) Facilitates Situational Understanding Facilitates Situational Understanding FM 2-22.3 _________________________________________________________________________________ 1-4                                                                                                                                            6 September 2006 HUMAN INTELLIGENCE 1-4. HUMINT is the collection of informat ion by a trained HUMINT collector (military occupational specialties [MOSs] 97E, 351Y [formerly 351C], 351M [formerly 351E], 35E, and 35F), from p eople and their associated documents and media sources to identify elements , intentions, composition, strength, dispositions, tactics, equipment, perso nnel, and capabilities. It uses human sources as a tool and a variety of co llection methods, both passively and actively, to gather information to satisfy the commander’s intelligence requirements and cross-cue other intelligence disciplines. 1-5. HUMINT tasks include but are not limited to— • Conducting source operations. • Liaising with host nation (HN) officials and allied counterparts. • Eliciting information from select sources. • Debriefing US and allied forces and civilian personnel including refugees, displaced persons (DPs), third-country nationals, and local inhabitants. • Interrogating EPWs and other detainees. • Initially exploiting docume nts, media, and materiel. Note. In accordance with Army regulatory and po licy guidance, a select set of intelligence personnel may be trained and certified to conduct certain HUMINT tasks outside of those which are standard for their primary MOS. Such selection and training will qualify these personnel to conduct only those specific a dditional tasks, and will not constitute qualifications as a HUMINT collector. HUMINT SOURCE 1-6. A HUMINT source is a person from whom information can be obtained. The source may either possess first- or second-hand knowledge normally obtained through sight or hearing. Potential HUMINT sources include threat, neutral, and friendly military and civilian personnel. Categories of HUMINT sources include but are not limited to detainees, refugees, DPs, local inhabitants, friendly forces, an d members of foreign governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). HUMINT COLLECTOR 1-7. For the purpose of this manual, a HU MINT collector is a person who is specifically trained and certified for, tasked with, and engages in the collection of information from individu als (HUMINT sources) for the purpose of answering intelligence informatio n requirements. HUMINT collectors specifically include enlisted personnel in MOS 97E, Warrant Officers (WOs) in MOS 351M (351E) and MOS 351Y (351C ), commissioned officers in MOS 35E and MOS 35F, select other specia lly trained MOSs, and their Federal civilian employee and civilian contractor counterparts. These specially trained and certified individuals are the only personnel authorized to conduct HUMINT collection operations , although CI agents also use HUMINT collection techniques in the conduct of CI operations. HUMINT _________________________________________________________________________________ FM 2-22.3 6 September 2006                                                                                                                                             1-5 collection operations must be conducte d in accordance with applicable law and policy. Applicable law and policy includ e US law; the law of war; relevant international law; relevant direct ives including DOD Directive 3115.09, “DOD Intelligence Interrogations, De tainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning”; DOD Directive 2310.1E, “The Department of Defense Detainee Program”; DOD instructions; and militar y execute orders including FRAGOs. Additional policies and regulations a pply to management of contractors engaged in HUMINT collection. (See Bib liography for additional references on contractor management.) HUMINT co llectors are not to be confused with CI agents, MOS 97B and WO MOS 351L (351B). CI agents are trained and certified for, tasked with, and carry out the mission of denying the enemy the ability to collect information on the ac tivities and intentions of friendly forces. Although personnel in 97E an d 97B MOSs may use similar methods to carry out their missions, commanders should not use them interchangeably. See Figure 1-2 for HUMINT and CI functions. PHASES OF HUMINT COLLECTION 1-8. Every HUMINT questioning session, regardless of the methodology used or the type of operation, consists of five phases. The five phases of HUMINT collection are planning and pr eparation, approach, questioning, termination, and reporting. They are generally sequential; however, reporting may occur at any point within the process when critical information is obtained and the approa ch techniques used will be reinforced as required through the questioning and termination phases. Planning and Preparation 1-9. During this phase, the HUMINT collec tor conducts the necessary research and operational planning in preparation for a specific collection effort with a specific source. Chapter 7 discusses this phase in detail. Approach 1-10. During the approach phase, the HUMINT collector establishes the conditions of control and rapport to gain the cooperation of the source and to facilitate information collection. Chapter 8 discusses approach and termination strategies in detail. Questioning 1-11. During the questioning phase, the HUMINT collector uses an interrogation, debriefing, or elicitation methodology to ask a source questions systematically on relevant topics, co llect information in response to the intelligence tasking, and ascertain so urce veracity. Chapter 9 discusses questioning techniques in detail. (See Appendix B for a source and reliability matrix.)