Individual differences and prejudice

Individual differences and prejudice Order Description complete the Right-wing Authoritarianism Scale (https://www.panojohnson.com/automatons/rwa-scale.xhtml (Links to an external site.)) https://www.panojohnson.com/automatons/rwa-scale.xhtml OR the measure of Social Dominance Orientation (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation#SDO_Scale (Links to an external site.), https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation#SDO_Scale you need to calculate the score manually though, note the reverse itemsas you believe famous people might (if possible, choose people who are likely to hold extremely different attitudes, such as Rush Limbaugh versus Jon Stewart). Then, discuss the reasons for your choices and relate them to the research on those two measures described in the text. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW AND DISCUSSION 1. Explain authoritarianislll as conceptualized by Adorno and his colleagues (1950) and by Altemeyer (1981). In what ways are those conceptualizations similar and in what ways do they differ? 2. Describe the characteristics of people high in right-wing authoritarianism (R W A) that may predispose them to prejudice. How are these characteristics related to the ones described in Chapter 4 that are associated with a propensity for stereotyping? 3. Explain the role authority figures play in shaping the prejudices of people high in RWA. 4. What is social dominance orientation (SDO)? In what ways is it similar to R WA and it what ways does it differ from R W A? 5. Describe the characteristics of people high in SDO that may predispose them to prejudice. How are these characteristics related to the ones described in Chapter 4 that are associated with a propensity for stereotyping? 6. Explain the concept of legitimizing myths as it is used in social dominance theory. 7. Think back to Chapter 6. Do any of the theories of contemporary prejudice postulate that people use what social dominance theory calls legitimizing myths to justifY their prejudices? If so, what are those myths? 8. Explain the distinction between self-esteem enhancement and self-esteem protection as motives for prejudice. How are these motives related to the ones described in Chapter 4 that are associated with a propensity for stereotyping? 9. What are the two hypotheses that can be derived from the self-enhancement view of the role self-esteem plays in prejudice? What has research on these INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AND PREJUDICE 275 hypotheses found? What explanations have been offered to account for these findings? 10. What has research on the relationship between self-esteem protection mDtives and prejudice found? 11. What are values? Describe the value orientations that have been studied in relation to prejudice. How is each related to prejudice? What processes have linked each value orientation to prejudice? 12. Explain how the perception of value dissimilarity can lead to prejudice. What individual difference variables are related to this process? 13. Describe the terror management theory explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice. 14. Describe the attribution-value explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice. How are perceptions of a group's naturalness and entitativity related to this process? 15. What are social ideologies? In what ways do religion and political orientation fit the definition of an ideology? In what ways do they not fit that definition? 16. Allport (1954) wrote that religion "makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice" (p. 444). What did he mean by that? What light has subsequent research shed on his statement? 17, Describe the relationship of religious involvement to prejudice. Why were religious leaders and psychology of religion researchers displeased by these findings? What new approach did researchers take? 18, Explain the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation, In theory, how should each be related to prejudice? What has research shown about how each is related to prejudice? 19, Debate the following proposition: Intrinsically religious people are no less prejudiced than anyone else; they are just lllore motivated to give socially desirable responses to questions about prejudice, 20. Explain the concept of quest as a religious orientation, How is it related to prejudice? 21. What is meant by proscribed and permitted prejudices? We used racial prejudice as an example of a proscribed prejudice and anti-gay attitudes as an example of a pemutted prejudice, What other examples can you think of for each category? Is the concept of proscribed versus permitted prejudices unique to the religious context or does it apply to society in general? 22, Describe how each of the three religious orientations is related to proscribed and permitted prejudices. 23, Define religious fundamentalisnl, How is it related to prejudice? What seem to be its major psychological components? How might each of these components contribute to fundamentalism's relationship to prejudice? 276 CHAPTER 7 24. Allport (1954) wrote that "piety may ... be a convenient mask for prejudices whicb ... have nothing to do with religion" (p. 447). What did he mean? 25. Researchers generally find a positive correlation between political conservatism and prejudice. What explanations have been offered to account for that relationship? 26. Describe the relationship between political liberalism and prejudice. 27. Researchers generally find a positive correlation between political conservatism and attitudes toward social policies, such as affirmative action, that are intended to increase intergroup equality. What explanations have been offered to account for that relationship? Which explanation do you think is best supported by the research evidence? Explain the reasons for your answer. 28. Debate the following proposition: Political conservatism may be a convenient mask for prejudices that have nothing to do with politics.