history outline

history outline Order Description an outline about history Early Colonization of America, 1590-1675 Ancient America and Spanish Colonization to 1590 “Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress,” Howard Zinn“Drawing the Color Line,” Howard Zinn two chapter from second edition Medieval History Chapter 1 Outline The Roman Peace (Pax Romana 29BCE~180CE) Octavian Augustus was the emperor  (31BCE~14CE) He ended the civil war in Rome and promise people that civil war will never be allowed again The  empire was about the size of the United States today (about 3000miles) Its population more than 50 million (about 1/6 of United States today) Although Roma conquer Greece, they combined Greece’s knowledge with their own Economy and Social Condition The city of Rome itself was boosted with about 1 million inhabitants. The other center cities were Alexandria, Antioch, and later, Constantinople But, most of the cities in Rome had no more than 5000 inhabitants. Small cities was the major role in the empire They can govern the countryside around them They also spread the roman religion, teaching, tax collecting to the countryside. Wealth was all concentrated in Rome, but not produced in Rome The empire of Rome was politically depends on the small cities and economically depending on the countryside. The principal crops of the Rome Empire were grain, grapes, and olives- The Mediterranean triad Based on this ingredients, the basic diet for most of the Roman are bread and wine In Italy peninsula, sheep- and cattle raising had replaced grain production Egypt and North Africa was the main grain producing site Although Rome was at peace, the Pax Romana was not an golden age for everyone In most of the provinces of Rome They are drastically underpoliced and undergoverned At the border of Rome The barbarians was hammering repeatedly at the frontiers Although everyone was benefits from the peace of Rome, but the only one who were actually enjoying the peace were the people in the upper class Anarchy and Recovery Twenty-odd emperors reigned during the calamitous half-century between 235 and 285, (all but one died by murder, in combat or captivity) With military problems and political anarchy came social and economic breakdown, plagues, famines, and floods were more troubling than before Diocletian (reign 284CE~305CE) Began the Tetrachy in 293CE Compromised with Barbarians Farther economic problems but the empire stabilized Constantine (reign 306CE~337CE) Began the move to the west 324CE to 330Ce founded Constantinople, in every way except religion.(it was an exact duplicate of Rome) Was tremendously consequential for Western Empire Diocletian and Constantine Threw back barbarian and Persian armies Fixing wages and prices Reorganized imperial government Began to divided Rome The new religious blood Christianity was initially only one of many mystery religions in the empire Mystery religion Promised mystical union between worshipers and divine beings Presented compelling alternatives to traditional Roman veneration of the deities of hearth and household, clan and city Roman usually worship Cult of goddess Isis from Egypt Cult of the savior Mithras from Persia Christianity from Palestine Great Mother from Phrygian Christianity Christianity was different from other religions in two ways Its founder and savior is an actual historical person The Christian God was not merely the best of many deities but one, the God of Jews Gnostics (from “gnosis”, the revealed “knowledge” that led to salvation) taught that Christ was not truly human but only a divine phantom Arians, maintained that Christ was not fully divine, not an equal to God the father Monophysites argued that Christ’s divine nature predominated over his humanity These three doctrine eventually produce orthodoxy, an agreed-upon theology from which other interpretations were unorthodox or even heretical The early church St. Paul (5BCE~67CE) He taught that Christians should not be bound by the strict Jewish dietary laws or the requirement of circumcision The new faith should be opened to people everywhere who would accept Jesus as God and Savior At the early time Christians engaged regularly in a holy meal of bread and wine that came to be called the Eucharist(Greek for thanksgiving) This ritual was viewed as a sacrament, a channel of divine grace through which the recipient was infused with the spirit of Christ Saints or the Holy people were the one that run the ritual They are honored in an informal process of recognition They were distinguished by their exceptional self-denial Hagiography: saints’ lives Most of the early communities met in homes. By the fourth and fifth centuries, purpose-build church grew common St Peter was the first pope Christianity and the Empire 299CE-301CE Emperor Diocletian Launched the great persecution ever against Christian 311CE edict of toleration issued by Emperor Galerius 312CE-337CE Reign of Constantine the great Converted to Christianity and sponsored it over his reign Sometimes after the Battle of Milvian Bridge, where according to the stories, he had a vision which caused him to put a Christian sign on his man’s shield or saw a flaming cross in the sky Underscored with “in the signed, Conquer” 313CE-314CE church councils summoned by Constantine ruled against Donatist, who were against those who abandoned Christianity under Diocletian’s rule 315CE Council of Nicea decide trinity Christianity and Judaism Christianity had quickly developed into an autonomous religion under the influence of St. Paul Jews were not allowed into Jerusalem after two failure revolt in 70 and 135 CE During the time, Christianity and Judaism were going along with each other. But the Christianity has the power of the state by that time and Judaism was allowed by the emperors, so both of the religions are still spreading. The Latin doctors Jerome(347-420CE) Founded a monastery and convert in Bethlehem Began the tradition of monastic scribalism and preserved Latin writing Jerome was the one that translated the bile into the Latin version called the Vulgate Augustine of Hippo (354-430CE) foremost Christian Philosopher of Roman antiquity Fused Christian doctrine with Greek Thought Wrote the city of God, a Christian theory of history Argued that history was a process moving forward in God’s plan instead of a living cycle Emphasized individual salvation rather than tribal so the Fall of Rome was not determinative of salvation Humanity is divided into City of God and the City of Earth His view of priesthood shaped Roman Catholic Christianity until today His views on predestination and divine grace were revived by the Protestant Reformation and become cornerstones of Protestant doctrines until today