Ethical violation or research misconduct.

We had to write about Conduct a literature search and provide an example of an ethical violation or research misconduct. Describe the event, supply the reference, and discuss what should have been done to prevent the problem from occurring. I did my post and now I need to comment on someone's post. You can take your comment any way you want, new idea, or something else could be done… According to Gray & Grove (2021), nurses need skills in critically appraising research, which is defined as a systematic, unbiased, careful examination of all aspects of studies to judge their strengths, limitations, trustworthiness, meaning, and applicability to practice (pg. 529). Furthermore, the nursing profession is firmly based on the ethical principles of respect for person, beneficence, and justice (Gray & Grove 2021). Therefore, when the moral compass that guides clinical practice is violated in research, they should be examined to expose unethical practices, protect the rights of participants involved, and most importantly, make sure they never happen again. In early 1996, as Wise (2001) described, Pfizer (a US pharmaceutical company) sent a team to Kano in the north of Nigeria during an epidemic of meningococcal meningitis. To test Pfizer's new antibiotic trovafloxacin (Trovan) efficacy, the team conducted an open-label trial in 200 children who were given trovafloxacin and half the standard gold treatment for meningitis, ceftriaxone. As recorded, five of the children given the new trial drug (trovafloxacin) died, together with six who were given ceftriaxone. It was estimated that more than 15,000 died during the epidemic. In 2001, as noted by Jegede (2009), a suit was filed by 30 Nigerian families in a federal court in New York alleging the experiment was conducted on children without obtaining proper informed consent. According Jegede (2009), participants in the Pfizer Trovan drug trial experiment didn't reach the level of competency required to make an informed consent. Information process, interpretation which differs among cultures, and low socioeconomic status are keys factors in giving an informed consent. Thakur & Lahiry, (2019) also note to make an informed consent, all three components of information, comprehension, and voluntarism should be present. On the level of comprehension, three major factors may have influence on how participants perceive informed consent. Those factors are socioeconomic inequalities, cultural differences, and language barriers (Jegede 2009). Socioeconomic inequalities between the research and participants maybe a form of co​‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍​ercion. Coercion is the lure of excessive reward by one person intentionally to obtain his or compliance (Gray &Grove 2019). Culture differences are also a hindrance to obtaining an informed consent. To put in bluntly,