Assignment tips for PARA2005

Assignment tips for PARA2005 General tips: 1. Choose one of the 2 scenarios 2. Based on the primary information in the brief description of scenario, design your case, firstly through defining a list of primary signs and symptoms for the case. 3. In defining the signs/symptoms consider two points: a) If the signs/symptoms are related to the situation b) Where do you want to go by them? Make sure that you can make a strong link between signs/symptoms and your diagnoses. 4. Define your diagnoses (at least two for each case). 5. Explain the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for your diagnoses. In the other word, what occurs at the tissue or cellular level that causes those signs/symptoms and leads you to your diagnoses? 6. Describe your pre-hospital management, including Critique of intervention from literature. 7. Briefly review the other steps of management after delivering the case to hospital. 8. You are allowed to add pictures or tables, if you wish (with citing the reference). The numbers of the words in images, tables and reference list will not be considered as a part of 3000 words limitation of your assignment. More Tips: [These are your notes which will be converted into prose for this assignment] Potential diagnosis Potential Cardiac arrest from lethal arrhythmia due to low potassium K+ Pathophysiology Underlying Diagnosis Paramedic clinical practice interventions Critique of interventions from literature The heart relies on its internal pacemaker (SA node) and superconductive pathway to generate and disseminate cardiac action potentials. These action potentials cause the contraction of cardiac muscle tissues and the effective propulsion of blood throughout the body. The sodium potassium exchange across the cardiac cell membrane is required to activate an action potential and contraction of the cardiac muscle. Abnormal electrolytes, in particular potassium cause abnormal conduction of the action potential may cause delayed conduction or increased cardiac irritability leading to ineffectual cardiac muscle function and thus catastrophic heat failure. (Morton & Fontaine 2009) (Reference) Cardiac monitoring • Attach defibrillation monitor & encourage early defibrillation should defibable arrhythmia occur • Continuous Monitoring of patients cardiac rhythm, • 1/24 vital signs eg BP. P RR SaO2 checks • Regular checks and management of electrolyte balances • 12 lead ECG • CPR & Medication management of arrhythmia • (Referenced) Critique each of the clinical practice intervention, defending is validity or not from the current literature linking this to the underlying pathophysiology of the potential diagnosis identified. (Referenced) Introduction All in prose, sort of like an essay introduction Introduce the patient…. Explain your observation List signs/symptoms [consider ISBAR format] Point what you will talk about later: he issues that will be discussed are………. They have been chosen because……. Differential diagnosis (2-3 problems, minimum 2) Make sure that you include the pathophysiology behind the diagnosis (with Reference). Differential diagnosis - Potential Cardiac arrest from lethal arrhythmia due to low potassium (K+) The heart relies on its internal pacemaker (SA node) and superconductive pathway to generate and disseminate cardiac action potentials. These action potentials cause the contraction of cardiac muscle tissues and the effective propulsion of blood throughout the body. The sodium potassium exchange across the cardiac cell membrane is required to activate an action potential and contraction of the cardiac muscle. Abnormal electrolytes, in particular potassium cause abnormal conduction of the action potential may cause delayed conduction or increased cardiac irritability leading to ineffectual cardiac muscle function and thus catastrophic heat failure. ……… (more detail required)……… (Morton & Fontaine 2009)(Reference) Paramedic Intervention and Rationale (What interventions (CPGs) are you doing and why are you doing them) The interventions that will address the issue of potential arrhythmias are as follows. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Working example of transferring bullet points into sentences 1. Continuous monitoring of patients cardiac rhythm, & attach defibrillation monitor & encourage early defibrillation should defibable arrhythmia occur 2. 15/60 vital signs - BP, PR, RR, SaO2 3. 12 lead ECG 4. Regular checks and management of electrolyte balances 5. CPR & Medication management of arrhythmia (Referenced) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Intervention 1 in prose format, you will need to be more comprehensive in your assignment) Attachment and monitoring of the defibrillator and monitoring of the cardiac patient during transport allows for the early defibrillation and reverting of cardiac arrhythmias. Early defibrillation has been shown to have increased success at reverting lethal arrhythmias and preventing death in a cardiac arrest (Ref1, Ref 2, Ref 3,.……)……… )……………(Morton & Fontaine 2009) Future Intervention (briefly) Discuss in hospital and/or long term management, briefly. The patient will be admitted in CCU….. Subarachnoid hemorrhage will be confirmed through MRI…. Conclusion (sort of like an essay conclusion) Avoid repeating the details that you have just explained previously. It should be a brief summary of the main points in your essay. We’ve discussed …. We’ve identified potential diagnoses such as…. These potential diagnoses should be addressed by the paramedic interventions as described above (or briefly summarized, such as frequent movement in the bed). Avoid including the information that has not been discussed in your essay Reference list Harvard Style A) Journal Articles: The in-text citation in your assignment: Argibay-losada et al. (2010) showed that…. If you quote directly from an author or paraphrase a specific idea or piece of information from a source, you need to include the page number of the quote or passage in your in-text citation Argibay-losada et al. (2010, p. 263) The reference list at the end of your assignment: Journal article: Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, 'Article Title', Journal Title, volume number, issue number, page numbers. Argibay-losada, P, Suarez-Gonzalez, A, Lopez-Garcia, C & Fernandez-Veiga, M 2010, 'Flow splitting for end-to-end proportional QoS in OBS networks', IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 257-269. B) Books: The in-text citation in your assignment: The process involves... (Gabler et al. 2012, p. 68). The reference list at the end of your assignment: Author, Initial(s), Author, Initial(s), Author, Initial(s), & Author, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, edn (edition), Publisher, Place of publication. Gabler, M, Lienhard, J, Cremers, J & Knippers, J 2011, Construction manual for polymers + membranes: materials semi-finished products, form-finding design, 3rd edn, Birkhauser Architecture, Basel. Lecture note will not be considered as a reference.